SECCIÓN CUARTA
DERECHOS ORGANIZATIVOS Y POLÍTICOS
I.
INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND PRECEDENTS
1.
Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UN 1994)
Article
35: "Indigenous peoples, in particular those divided by international
borders, have the right to maintain and develop contacts, relations and
cooperation, including activities for spiritual, cultural, political,
economic and social purposes, with other peoples across borders. States
shall take effective measures to ensure the exercise and implementation of
this right."
2.
C 169, Convention on Indigenous and Tribal People (ILO Convention
1989)
Article 32: "Governments
shall take appropriate measures, including by means of international
agreements, to facilitate contacts and co-operation between indigenous and
tribal peoples across borders, including activities in the economic, social,
cultural, spiritual and environmental fields."
3. American Convention on Human Rights (OAS 1969)
Article
16(1): "Everyone has the right to associate freely for ideological,
religious, political, economic, labor, social, cultural, sports, or other
purposes."
4. American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (OAS 1948)
Article IV: “Every person has
the right to freedom of investigation, of opinion, and of expression and
dissemination of ideals, by any medium whatsoever.”
Article XXII: “Every person has
the right to associate with others to promote, exercise, and protect the
legitimate interests of a political, economic, religious, social, cultural,
professional, labor union or other nature.”
5. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (UN 1966)
Article
21: "The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized”.
Article
22(1): “Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with
others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection
of his interest."
6. International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial
Discrimination (UN 1965)
Article
5(d)(vii): “States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial
discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone
freedom of thought, conscience and religion;”.
7. Convention on the Rights of the Child (un 1989)
Article 13(1): “…The child
shall have the right to freedom of expression...”
Article 14: “State Parties
shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion.”
Article
15(1): “State Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of
association and to freedom of peaceful assembly.”
8.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN 1948)
Article 18: “Everyone has the
right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in
community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or
belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.”
Article 19: “Everyone has the
right to freedom of opinion and expression...”
Article
20(1): “Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and
association.”
9.
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,
Religious or Linguistic Minorities (UN
1990)
Article 2(4): "Persons
belonging to minorities have the right to establish and maintain their own
associations."
Article
2(5): "Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and
maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful contacts with other
members of their group, with persons belonging to other minorities, as well
as contacts across frontiers with citizens of other States to whom they are
related by national or ethic, religious or linguistic ties."
10.
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of
Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (UN 1981)
Article
1(1): ”Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion. This right shall
include freedom to have a religion or whatever belief of his choice, and
freedom, either individually or in community with others and in pubic or in
private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice
and teaching.”
11. African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Banjul Charter 1981)
Article 10(1): “Every
individual shall have the right to free association provided that he abides
by the law.
Article
11: “Every individual shall have the right to assemble freely with
others."
12.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms (ROME 1950)
Article 10(1): “…Everyone has
the right to freedom of expression...”
Article
11(1): “Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom
of association with others, including the right to form and join trade
unions for the protection of his interests.”
13. Jay Treaty, 1794 (Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation between the
United States and Great Britain)
Article 3:
"It is agreed that it shall at all Times be free ... to the
Indians dwelling on either side of the said Boundary Line freely to pass and
repass by Land, or Inland Navigation ... and freely to carry on trade and
commerce with each other...."
II.
DOMESTIC AUTHORITIES AND PRECEDENTS
14. Bolivia
- Constitución Política
Artículo
171. III: "Las autoridades naturales de las comunidades indígenas y
campesinas podrán ejercer funciones de administración y aplicación de
normas propias como solución alternativa de conflictos, en conformidad a
sus costumbres y procedimientos, siempre que no sean contrarias a esta
Constitución y las leyes. La Ley compatibilizará estas funciones con las
atribuciones de los poderes del Estado”.
- Ley 1.551 de 1994
Artículo 1: "La presente Ley reconoce, promueve
y consolida el proceso de Participación Popular, articulando a las
Comunidades Indígenas, Pueblos Indígenas, Comunidades Campesinas y Juntas
Vecinales, respectivamente, en la vida jurídica, política y económica del
país. Procura mejorar la calidad de vida de la mujer y el hombre
bolivianos, con una más justa distribución y mejor administración de los
recursos públicos. Fortalece los instrumentos políticos y económicos
necesarios para perfeccionar la democracia representativa, incorporando la
participación ciudadana en un proceso de democracia participativa y
garantizando la igualdad de oportunidades en los niveles de representación
a mujeres y hombres. "
Artículo 3: "I. Se define como sujetos de la
Participación Popular a las Organizaciones Territoriales de Base,
expresadas en las comunidades campesinas, pueblos indígenas y juntas
vecinales, organizadas según sus usos, costumbres o disposiciones
estatutarias. II. Se reconoce
como representantes de las Organizaciones Territoriales de Base a los
hombres y mujeres, Capitanes, Jilacatas, Curacas, Mallcus, Secretarios(as)
Generales y otros(as), designados(as) según sus usos, costumbres y
disposiciones estatutarias”.
- Ley 1654 de 1995
Artículo
5: "Atribuciones. El prefecto en el régimen de descentralización
administrativa, tiene las siguientes atribuciones además de las
establecidas en la Constitución Política del Estado. (k) Promover la
participación popular y canalizar los requerimientos y relaciones de las
organizaciones indígenas, campesinas y vecinales por medio de las
instancias correspondientes del Poder Ejecutivo. (r) Otorgar personalidad
jurídica con validez en todo el territorio nacional a las fundaciones,
asociaciones y sociedades civiles, constituidas en el territorio nacional o
en el extranjero, siempre que éstas hubieren establecido domicilio en su
jurisdicción. Registrar la
personalidad jurídica de las comunidades campesinas, pueblos indígenas y
juntas vecinales”.
15. Brazil
- Decreto 1.141 de 1994
Art. 3: "As ações decorrentes deste Decreto
fundamentar-se-ão no reconhecimiento da organização social e política,
dos costumes, das línguas, das crenças e das tradições das comunidades
indígenas."
- Estatuto das sociedades indígenas (Proyecto de ley)
Art.
4.VI: “assegurar o
reconhecimento dos índios e de suas sociedades ou comunidades como grupos
etnicamente diferenciados, respeitando suas organizações sociais, usos,
costumes, línguas e tradições, seus modos de viver, criar e fazer, seus
valores culturais e artísticos e demais formas de expressão;”
16.
Canada
-
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
2.
"Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms:
(a) freedom of conscience and
religion.
(b) freedom of thought, belief,
opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other means of
communication.
(c) freedom of peaceful assembly;
and
(d) freedom of association."
-
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
“Governments, including
Aboriginal governments, recognize the critical role that independent
Aboriginal print and broadcast media have in the pursuit of Aboriginal
self-determination and self-government, and that they support freedom of
expression through:
(a) Policies on open access to
information; and
(b) Dedicated funding at arm’s
length from political bodies.”
17. Chile
- Ley 19.253 de 1993
Artículo
9. Para los efectos de esta ley se entenderá por Comunidad Indígena, toda
agrupación de personas pertenecientes a una misma etnia indígena y que se
encuentren en una o más de las siguientes situaciones: a) Provengan de un
mismo tronco familiar; b) Reconozcan una jefatura tradicional; c) Posean o
hayan poseído tierras indígenas en común, y d) Provengan de un mismo
poblado antiguo.
Artículo 36. Se entiende por Asociación Indígena
la agrupación voluntaria y funcional integrada por, a lo menos, veinticinco
indígenas que se constituyen en función de algún interés y objetivo común
de acuerdo a las disposiciones de este párrafo.
Las asociaciones indígenas no podrán atribuirse la representación
de las Comunidades Indígenas.
Art 60. Son mapuches huilliches las comunidades indígenas
ubicadas principalmente en la X Región y los indígenas provenientes de
ella.
61. Se reconoce en esta etnia (huilliches) el sistema
tradicional de cacicados y su ámbito territorial. Las autoridades del
Estado establecerán relaciones adecuadas con los caciques y sus
representantes para todos aquellos asuntos que se establecen en el Párrafo
2° del Título III y en el Párrafo 1° del Título V.
18. Ecuador
Constitución Política del Estado Ecuatoriano
Artículo
84: El Estado reconocerá y garantizará a los pueblos indígenas, de
conformidad con esta Constitución y la ley, el respeto al orden público y
a los derechos humanos, los siguientes derechos colectivos a los pueblos indígenas:
(7) Conservar y desarrollar sus formas tradicionales de convivencia y
organización social, de generación y ejercicio de la autoridad.
19. Guatemala
Constitución Política de la República
de Guatemala
Artículo
33: "Derecho de reunión y manifestación. Se reconoce el derecho de
reunión pacífica y sin armas.
Artículo 34: Derecho de asociación. Se reconoce el
derecho de libre asociación.
Artículo 35: “Libertad de emisión del
pensamiento. Es libre la emisión del pensamiento por cualesquiera medios de
difusión, sin censura ni licencia previa. Este derecho constitucional no
podrá ser restringido por ley o disposicón gubernamental alguna”.
20. Peru
Constitución Política del Perú
Artículo
2: "Toda persona tiene su derecho: ...A las libertades de información,
opinión, expresión y difusión del pensamiento mediante la palabra oral o
escrita o la imagen, por cualquier medio de comunicación social, sin previa
autorización ni censura ni impedimento algunos, bajo las responsabilidades
de ley”.
21.
St.
Kitts and Nevis
Constitution of St. Kitts
and Nevis
Article
12(1): "Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including freedom to hold
opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information
without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
interference (whether the communication is to the public generally or to any
person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his
correspondence."
Article
13(1): "Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of assembly and association, that is to say,
his right to assembly freely and associate with other persons and in
particular to form or belong to trade unions or other associations for the
protection of his interests or to form or belong to political parties or
other political associations."
22.
St.
Vincent and St. Grenadines
Constitution
of St. Vincent and St. Grenadines (1979)
Article 10(1): "Except with
his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his
freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions without
interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without interference,
freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference (whether
the communication be to the public generally or to any person or class of
persons and freedom from interference with his correspondence."
Article 11(1): "Except with
his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his
freedom of assembly and association, that is to say, his right to assemble
freely and associate with other persons and in particular to form or belongs
to trade unions or other associations for the protection of his
interests."
Article
10(1): "Except with his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in
the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including freedom to hold
opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information
without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without
interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any
person or class of persons and freedom from interference with his
correspondence."
Article 11(1): "Except with
his own consent, a person shall not be hindered in the enjoyment of his
freedom of assembly and association, that is to say, his right to assemble
freely and associate with other persons and in particular to form or belongs
to trade unions or other associations for the protection of his
interests."
23.
Suriname
Constitution
of Suriname
Article 19: "Everyone has
the right to make public his thoughts or feelings and to express his opinion
through the printed press or other means of communication, subject to the
responsibility of all as set forth in the law.
Article 20: “Everyone has the
right to freedom of peaceful association and assembly, taking into
consideration the rules to be determined by law for the protection of public
order, safety, health and morality."
24. The
Commonwealth of Dominica Constitution Order 1978
Article
1: "Whereas every person in Dominica is entitled to the fundamental
rights and freedoms, that is to say, the rights whatever his race, place of
origins, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each
and all of the following, namely freedom of conscience, of expression and of
assembly and association."
25. Trinidad
and Tobago
Constitution
of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Article 4: "It is hereby
recognized and declared that in Trinidad and Tobago there have existed and
shall continue to exist without discrimination by reason of race, origin,
colour, religion or sex, the following fundamental human rights and
freedoms, namely:
e. the right to join political
parties and to express political views;
i. freedom of thought and
expression;
j. freedom of association and
assembly
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