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REPORT No. 1/92 BACKGROUND: 1. On March 8 and June 30, 1988, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights received a complaint, to which the petitioner later added more information, wherein reference is made to the following:
THE PROCESSING OF THE CASE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS 2. On September 28, 1988, the IACHR sent the Government of Colombia the pertinent parts of the denunciation. 3. On December 21 of that year, the Government of Colombia replied to the Commission's request. Invoking the provisions of the American Convention and the Commission's Regulations, it asked that the IACHR refrain from examining the petition since the case of the disappearance of the brothers Alfredo Rafael San Juan A. and Samuel Humberto San Juan A. was being examined by the United Nations Human Rights Committee established under the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. This letter was sent to the petitioner on December 29, 1988. 4. On January 17, 1989, the Commission asked the Government of Colombia to advise it of the date on which the United Nations Human Rights Committee had taken cognizance of the instant case and whether all the names that appeared in the initial complaint sent to the IACHR also figured in the case being examined by the Human Rights Committee. 5. On January 18, 1989, the petitioner wrote to the Commission. In reply to the communication from the Government of Colombia the petitioner addressed the evidence of the violations denounced and the issue of exhaustion of the remedies under domestic law and asked the IACHR to decide whether the petition was admissible. The pertinent parts of that communication were forwarded to the Government so that it might present its comments. 6. On February 27, 1989, the Government of Colombia sent the IACHR another communication wherein it again pointed out that on July 11, 1985, through decision CCPR/C/25/D/181/1984, the case in question, involving the brothers Alfredo Rafael and Samuel Humberto San Juan Arévalo, had been declared admissible by the Human Rights Committee of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. It went on to say that the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances was looking into the disappearance of the following persons: Orlando García Villamizar, Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano, Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar, Rodolfo Espitia Rodriguez, Gustavo Campos Guevara, Hernando Ospina Rincon, Rafael Guillermo Prado Useche, Edilbrando Joya Gomez, Francisco Antonio Medina Londono, Bernardo Heli, and Manuel Dario Acosta. 7. On February 16, 1989, the petitioner added more information to his letter of January 18, forwarding a letter from the Attorney General of the Nation, dated December 21, 1988, which supported the petitioner's claim that the remedies under internal law had been exhausted. The letter pointed out that the decision of the Military Criminal Tribunal to order the dismissal of all the charges, was upheld by the higher Military Tribunal on July 6, 1987. This communication was sent to the Government of Colombia. The Commission asked for a swift reply. 8. On June 16, 1989, the Government of Colombia stated that the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights was conducting disciplinary, military and criminal investigations into the matters denounced. That information was sent to the petitioner for comment. 9. In a letter received on August 18, 1989, the petitioner noted the issue of incompatibility raised by the Government of Colombia as regards the simultaneous processing of this case by the IACHR and by the United Nations Committee of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. The petitioner asked that the Commission bear in mind that the case for incompatibility could be made only in relation to the San Juan Arevalo brothers, where there was an incompatibility; but no such case could be made with regard to the other persons listed as victims in the petition in process. 10. On December 13, 1989, the Commission received the petitioner's response to the Government's observations, wherein he restated his position on the matter of exhaustion of the remedies under internal law. The petitioner pointed out that the proceedings under the military system of criminal justice had ended back in 1987, when all charges against those responsible for these violations were dismissed. 11. On March 13, 1990, the petitioner wrote to the IACHR asking that it issue a decision on the instant case. The petitioner made his case for the admissibility of his petition and for the facts established in connection with each of the alleged victims. This communication was sent to the Government of Colombia on April 10, 1990. 12. On May 8, the Government of Colombia asked the IACHR to extend the time period set for providing the requested information. In a letter dated June 18, the Commission agreed to a 60-day extension. 13. On June 10, the petitioner again asked that the IACHR issue a decision on the case and sent it additional information on the decision of the Office of the Special Prosecutor for the National Police, dated December 29, 1989. That request was made yet again in a communication dated October 3, 1990. 14. During its 78th session, on October 3, 1990, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights held a hearing for the purpose of hearing the two sides' arguments. The petitioner stated, inter alia, that it was established that the remedies under domestic law had been exhausted since the military criminal tribunal had handed down its final decision; he also pointed to the delay in the ordinary criminal justice proceedings, which in his judgment demonstrated that the Colombian Government had no interest in settling this case quickly and effectively. For their part, the representatives of the Colombian Government stated that the machinery of the proceedings in the case was in full motion and that this demonstrated that the ordinary criminal justice system had not reached a final decision on the case. They also pointed to the fact that the Office of the Special Prosecutor was pursuing the investigations against some of officers who had been charged and that, consequently, the disciplinary administrative recourses were functioning as were those of the criminal justice system. THE INTERNAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS With the Ordinary Courts: In 1982, three investigations of the disappearances and murders were launched, on the following dates:
THE FACTS AS ESTABLISHED BY THE INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED 15. Despite the dismissals handed down in the lower military court, the higher military court and then the Military Superior Court clearing those members of the police force who had been charged with being the authors of the illegal arrest and subsequent enforced disappearance of the victims, the charges against each of them, individually, were proven in the course of the impartial investigations that the organs under the authority of the Office of the Attorney General conducted. 16. The facts established by the petitioner on the basis of those investigations and not refuted by the Government are, case by case, the following: The case of Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano: 17. A medical student at the Universidad Nacional, Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano disappeared on March 4, 1982, in the vicinity of the university in Bogota where he was taking courses. Pedro Pablo was taken on March 4 along with Orlando Garcia Villamizar and forced into a green panel truck bearing license plates HL 6794. The individuals who apprehended him identified themselves as belonging to the F-2. In August 1983, the National Transportation Institute certified that these and 44 other pairs of plates had been delivered to the DIPEC (F-2 Intelligence). During the investigations, the Public Prosecutor's Office was able to establish that Pedro Pablo's name was on the lease of the house where the Alvarez children had been held captive. From that the Special Committee appointed by the Attorney General concluded that the only individuals who might have an interest in apprehending these young men were the F-2 agents in charge of the kidnapping investigation. Then, too, there was the fact that the car into which Silva Bejarano was shoved belonged to F-2. The individuals who seized Pedro Pablo did so in a public place, so that there were many witnesses when he was taken, among them Mr. Héctor Barbosa Rubio, whose statement was summarized in the judicial proceeding of March 12, 1987, by the Commandant of the National Police. Some students at the University also witnessed what happened and called Pedro Pablo's family. His father Trino Josué and his sister María Elizabeth Silva Bejarano made inquiries with several government offices in an attempt to establish Pedro Pablo's whereabouts. At the sixth police station, María Elizabeth was told that a young man whose clothes fit the description of those that Pedro Pablo had been wearing that day, had been buried in a common grave some days earlier. Later, in a news report, Miss Silva thought she recognized her brother as the young man reported as having been killed in the outskirts of the city. However, when she went to the authorities to ask to identify the body, she was not permitted to do so. Pedro Pablo Silva never reappeared and is still missing today. The case of Orlando Garcia Villamizar: 18. Orlando García was taken with Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano on March 4, 1982, and also forced into a green panel truck bearing license plates HL 6794, which belonged to the F-2. The Attorney General's office made the identification of this vehicle. It established that even though the plates were not on record with the police, the National Transportation Institute (INTRA) had delivered them to Lieutenant Víctor Manuel Páez Guerra for official business. As in the case of Pedro Pablo, the students who witnessed the arrest alerted Orlando's family about what had transpired. His family also had the painful task of making inquiries as to his whereabouts with all official departments, which denied that he had been arrested. However, among the evidence compiled are summaries of statements made by Raúl Esmir García Villamizar, Orlando's brother, José García and Drigerio Morales Chacón. From their accounts, there is no doubt whatever that Orlando García was seen by a brother of the attorney Guillermo Neisa in the infirmary of the Brigade of Military Institutes, subsequent to his capture. Between June and July 1982, this attorney established that Orlando was indeed in the Brigade infirmary. That statement was supported by José García's testimony to the effect that a B-2 agent, Jairo Torres, told him that Orlando was being held at the Brigade. The case of Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar: 19. Edgar García Villamizar, a young man 21 years of age and a sociology student at the Universidad Nacional, left his home on August 18, 1982, to meet Rodolfo Espitia, who lived in the same neighborhood. The two were scheduled to go to the Colombian Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education to file a job application. Edgar Helmut took his four-year old nephew, Camilo Andrés, with him. The child was the son of Orlando, who had disappeared. Edgar and Rodolfo never reached the ICFES, where their friend Orlando Badillo was waiting for them. The child, Camilo Andres, was brought into the XV Police Station by Major Alipio Vanegas Torres, DIPEC's Chief of Counterintelligence. The Intelligence Group at F-2 told the Inspector General of the Police, who had been designated Lower Court Judge, that Edgar Helmut had been apprehended by police, together with Rafael Prado Useche, on August 19, 1982, in "La Tercera" church, as "they were protesting against the government," and that they had been released immediately (page 67 of the proceedings of March 12, 1987, on file). This version is inconsistent with what occurred with Edgar Helmut García and Rodolfo Espitia, since were it true, then how does one explain the presence of Camilo Andrés at the XV police station, taken there directly by Major Vanegas, much less the fact that Edgar Helmut was seen in Gachalá in September 1982. The F-2 contradicted itself when it initially claimed that the boy Camilo Andres had been found lost in the street, but later said that he had been picked up on the basis of a telephone tip (page 7 of the proceedings). The little boy told his family that his uncle had been taken by men in civilian clothes and put in a truck. Moreover, a number of witnesses saw Edgar García Villamizar in the town of Gachala on September 15, 1982. The young man had a broken nose; he was in handcuffs and guarded by F-2 agents. Mrs. Ana Elvira Zarate made a statement to that effect. The foregoing was corroborated by the testimony given by Gloria Berenice Villamizar and Jose Garcia, the parents of Orlando and Edgar Helmut; the latter telephoned his parents in September and told them that his brother Orlando was under arrest and that they would release him, which shows that at the time he was still alive. Based on statements taken from the witnesses who saw the treatment inflicted upon Edgar Garcia, Edilbrando Joya, and the Acosta brothers in Gachala, the Public Prosecutor, in a proceeding on January 30, 1987, imposed a token disciplinary action against the three officers implicated, consisting of a 20-day suspension; that sanction, which was later reduced to 15 days, is important since it contradicts the F-2 report to the effect that Edgar García was arrested and immediately released. The case of Rodolfo Espitia Rodriguez: 20. Rodolfo Espitia, a tailor's assistant, left his home on August 18, 1982, to meet his friend "Mauricio," whom the parents of Rodolfo later identified in a photograph as being Edgar García Villamizar. He never returned. The circumstances of the arrest of Rodolfo, who was 21 at the time he disappeared, are identical to those of Edgar Helmut. Rodolfo had to go to the driving school he had enrolled in the day before, but he never arrived, according to what his parents were told. The authorities, including the F-2, denied having arrested Rodolfo, and Major Vanegas told Rodolfo's father that there was an arrest warrant out against Edgar Helmut, Orlando and Pedro Pablo, but not against Rodolfo Espitia. Rodolfo's parents, Siervo Ignacio and Bertilda, told the authorities that a friend of their son, called Antonio Sánchez, had told them he had learned that Rodolfo was in the DAS facilities in Cali, under another name; Sánchez had gotten that information from a member of Army intelligence by the name of Hector Daza. When the time came to make a sworn statement in court, Sanchez denied his earlier story. Officer Daza threatened Siervo Ignacio for having made that statement in the presence of the Public Prosecutor, according to testimony given by Siervo Ignacio on February 23, 1984. Later, on September 12, 1982, at the family home of Siervo Espitia, a telephone call was received from Rodolfo. With his voice breaking, he said "I'm lost." That was the last anyone heard from him. He is still missing. The case of Hernando Ospina Rincon: 21. Hernando Ospina Rincon, a welder by trade, was taken on September 11, 1982, by individuals in civilian dress who identified themselves as members of the F-2. They appeared at his shop in the "Las Ferias" district of Bogota, in a wine-colored Mercedes Benz, bearing license plates FC-9405. Once there they asked for the owner of the shop and Hernando identified himself as the proprietor. At that they shoved him toward a cream colored panel truck with the numbers 459. Ospina's employees -Antonio Tavera, Giovani Rodriguez and his nephew Luis Ospina- tried to help Hernando, but two of the men threatened them, identifying themselves as F-2 agents. The Public Prosecutor's Office established that the Mercedes Benz was the property of the mother of the kidnapped girl, Zuleika Alvarez, and that the F-2 had a panel truck with the numbers 459, which fit the description of the one that Hernando Ospina was forced into. The F-2 denied any part in this affair. When doña María Elena Ruiz, wife of the disappeared, inquired for Hernando at the F-2 facilities, Captain Venancio Galvis told her that Ospina Rincón was not there and that the Mercedes Benz with license plates FC-9405 had once belonged to the F-2, but had recently been sold. The Public Prosecutor's Office disproved that story when it established that the car had never belonged to the F-2. Later, Mr. Jose Santos Sosa, a friend of Hernando and his wife Maria Elena, received a telephone call from someone who identified himself as Gustavo Ramirez. He told him that Hernando was in "serious trouble." The case of Rafael Guillermo Prado Useche: 22. Rafael Guillermo Prado, a law student in his last year at the Universidad Nacional, left his home in the vicinity of the Bogota Polo Club on September 12, 1982. His mother Faustina Useche de Prado and his sister Ana Cecilia Prado saw how Rafael Guillermo was forced into a wine-colored Mercedes Benz bearing license plates FC-9405 and then beaten once inside. This was the same car that the F-2 agents had used the day before when arresting Hernando Ospina Rincón. Rafael Guillermo's car was at Ospina's shop for mechanical repairs and young Prado was headed there when he was stopped and arrested. Rafael Guillermo Prado was linked to the investigation being conducted into the kidnapping of the children of Jader Alvarez. When the time came for the Court to hand down a verdict, the case was dismissed. However, DIPEC F-2 believed that Rafael Guillermo was involved in the kidnapping, which makes the motive for and authorship of the disappearance obvious. This was what the Investigating Committee reported to the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation when it asked that those responsible be punished. That punishment was never imposed. The case of Edilbrando Joya Gomez: 23. Edilbrando Joya, a student of mechanical engineering at the Universidad Nacional, was seized on September 13, 1982, near his home in Bogota, by men driving a red camper. Shortly before his disappearance, on August 20, 1982, Edilbrando had been a witness to the murder of Dr. Alberto Alaya Montenegro, a professor at the Universidad Nacional. He saw the assailants and helped pick up the university professor's lifeless body. Thereafter, vehicles with features like those used by the F-2 secret police could be seen in the vicinity of Edilbrando's home. On September 15 -in other words, two days after his arbitrary arrest-, Edilbrando was seen in the town of Gachala by Mr. Guillermo Calderon Farfan, who gave the lower court judge and then to the Investigating Committee appointed by the Attorney General a detailed account of what he saw. He said that he had known Edilbrando before. When he saw him in Gachala's town square, he went over to greet him and saw that he was handcuffed and surrounded by four or five individuals who he later learned were members of the F-2. The mother of the young man who disappeared described in detail her futile efforts to establish his whereabouts when he failed to return home. Among the many authorities she approached was the F-2, where she spoke with Major Vanegas, the officer in charge of the investigation into the kidnapping of the children of Jader Alvarez. The officer told her that he did not know that Edilbrando was being sought for any reason; however, in order to be able to help investigate his whereabouts, he needed a photograph of the young man and some specifics about him. Edilbrando's family complied with this request, but the photograph and the information that they supplied to Major Vanegas appeared in the newspaper, identifying him as one of the abductors of Gloria Lara de Echeverry, a wealthy lady who had been kidnapped in June 1982. In a proceeding where Major Vanegas was brought face-to-face with Joya's mother, the former denied having furnished that information, stating that the published photograph had been taken by the journalists, which was obviously not only false but also impossible. In the same proceeding, Joya's mother said she had received information from a lieutenant by the name of Herrera to the effect that her son was at the facilities of the Brigade of Military Institutes. In his original version, Lieutenant Herrera denied this completely. However, in a face-to-face proceeding with Joya's mother, he admitted to being confused because of the number of people who came to the Brigade. The case of Gustavo Campos Guevara: 24. Gustavo Campos Guevara, a systems engineering student at the Universidad Nacional, left his home on August 23, 1982, headed for the university, where he was taking courses. He never returned. One year earlier, in October 1981, Gustavo had been arrested by F-2 agents, along with the rest of his family, moments after an explosion near their home. At the time the Campos Guevara family was accused of making bombs, but was later released. Since that time, Gustavo had been followed by F-2 agents, one of whom was the same agent who had arrested him in 1981. On September 10, 1982, the Campos Guevara family received a phone call. With his voice faltering and without saying where he was, Gustavo said he was well. A few days later they received another call from a man who identified himself as a former agent with military intelligence. He told them the young man was at a military facility. Gustavo's sister, Gladys Cecilia Campos de Vargas, told national authorities that on two occasions she had spoken with a former B-2 agent (military intelligence) who asked for money in exchange for information on her brother's exact whereabouts. He told her that Gustavo was being held at a military facility. As in the case of Edilbrando Joya, the newspaper El Caleño published a report to the effect that the F-2 was conducting intensive investigations to determine the whereabouts of Gustavo, as they believed him to be involved in the kidnapping of Gloria Lara de Echeverry. The cases of Bernardo Heli and Manuel Darío Acosta Rojas: 25. Bernardo Heli and Manuel Dario Acosta Rojas, peasants from the Gachalá region and farmers and tailors by trade, were taken by members of the F-2 on September 15, 1982, during an operation being conducted in that town under the command of then Colonel Nacin Yanine Díaz. The arrest of Bernardo Helí took place in Gachalá's town square, in the presence of many people. They knew the Acosta brothers lived in the region. When he saw Bernardo taken, Manuel Darío Acosta, who was deaf, rushed at the F-2 agents who had just seized his brother and were mistreating him. At this, the F-2 agents took Manuel Darío, too. The Acosta brothers, along with Edilbrando Joya and Edgar Garcia Villamizar, were forced to board a helicopter of the kind leased by Jader Alvarez and were taken to the town of Murcas in the jurisdiction of the town of Gachalá. This has been established through testimony given by Ana Elvira Zarate de Alvarado, Flor Marina Alvarado Zarate and Cleotilde Garzon, who not only saw the helicopter that landed near the latter's house, but also recognized Bernardo Heli. Ana Elvira Zarate said that the F-2 intelligence agents spent the night in her house, along with Edgar Garcia, nicknamed "the horse", and Bernardo Helí Acosta, whom the F-2 agents kept tied up against a wall. He was not allowed to eat (page 14 of the report of the Special Committee, March 9, 1984). The records that DIPEC keeps of arrests shows that the Acosta brothers were arrested on September 16 and ordered released on September 17, 1982. But the fact of the matter is, they never returned home. As the Attorney General's Special Committee pointed out (page 15 of the report of March 1984), "the disappearance of Manuel Dario Acosta Rojas is the work of F-2 agents; his disappearance was unjust in every respect, as he had never been involved in anything criminal and there was not the slightest suspicion of guilt in his case; he was not suspected of being involved in any crime. His release, said to have taken place in room where DIPEC holds its prisoners, was a setup calculated to cover up a monstruous crime done to the person of this individual." Bernardo Heli Acosta was found dead on October 7, 1982, supposedly shot in a police operation conducted by the very same F-2 agents who had been involved in the investigation into the kidnapping of the Alvarez children. The case of Francisco Antonio Medina Londoño: 26. Francisco Antonio Medina, a farmer 36 years of age, left his house in the Ricaurte neighborhood of Bogota, on the morning of September 13, 1982, which was the last time he was seen alive. Medina Londoño, his wife Mariela and six children, shared their home with Francisco's brother Arnulfo Medina and his family. On September 13, Francisco planned to keep an appointment with a former boss, Mr. Antonio Ricaurte, and then meet his brother Arnulfo. When Franciso did not keep the appointment, Arnulfo decided to return to the home that the two brothers shared. When he arrived there he found that F-2 agents, under the command of Major Vanegas, had conducted a search of the premises. Arnulfo was arrested and tortured by F-2 agents, who tried to get him to confess that he and his brother were involved in a kidnapping. During the torture one of the agents told him that he had better confess since they had already killed his brother; if he refused to confess, the agent said, the same thing would happen to him. On the night of September 13, Francisco Antonio was found dead, supposedly killed in a anti-kidnapping operation in the town of Anolaima. The F-2's official version was that Francisco Antonio belonged to a band of kidnappers and that he had been shot during the rescue of Mrs. Stella Rodríguez and her little son, who had been abducted in Bogota. WHEREAS: 1. On the question of admissibility: a. That the Commission is competent to examine the subject matter of this case given that it involves human rights violations contemplated in the American Convention on Human Rights, specifically, Article 4 on the Right to Life, Article 7 on Personal Liberty, and Article 24 on Judicial Protection as provided for in Article 44 of the Convention to which Colombia is party. b. That the petition satisfies the formal requirements for admissibility, as set forth in the American Convention on Human Rights and in the Regulations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. c. That in the instant case it is obvious that the petitioners have been unable to secure effective protection from the internal jurisdictional organs which, in spite of the irrefutable evidence available to them, cleared the responsible police officers of all charges by ordering that the case be dismissed; therefore, whether or not the remedies under domestic law have been exhausted, the Government of Colombia cannot invoke those remedies to argue in favor of suspending the Commission's processing of this case: the protracted internal investigation of this case is unjustified and the proceedings that the civil criminal courts are conducting at this time apply only to civilians but not to the police officers who, by all the evidence presented in the body of this report, are the guilty parties but who have been cleared by the military courts, as said earlier. d. That except for the case of the brothers Samuel Humberto Sanjuan Arevalo and Alfredo Rafael Sanjuan Arevalo, which has been the subject of a ruling by the Human Rights Committee of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights of the United Nations, the present petition is not pending settlement in any other international arrangement; nor is it a copy of a petition already examined by the Commission, since the fact that it was examined by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances of the United Nations does not prevent the IACHR from taking cognizance of the case and issuing its opinion on it. 2. On the Colombian Government's investigations: a. The serious investigations that the Government of Colombia has conducted through the Office of the Attorney General and the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights charge members of Colombia's police forces with responsibility for the events and stand in contrast to the ruling by the military court, which disregarded those investigations and dismissed all charges against the accused. In effect, the investigation by the Public Prosecutor concludes by stating categorically: From what the facts show, there is not the slightest doubt that the disappearance of Orlando Garcia Villamizar, Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar, Bernardo Heli Acosta Rojas, Manuel Dario Acosta Rojas, Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano, Hildebrando (sic) Joya Gomez, Alfredo Rafael and Samuel Humberto San Juan Arevalo, Manuel Guillermo Prado Useche, Hernando Ospina Rincon, and Rodolfo Espitia Rodríguez was a reprisal for the politically motivated abduction, since the kidnappers were a cell similar to M-19. Jader Alvarez played an active role in these events, with the consent of F-1 and some private individuals. For its part, the Office of the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights, who also concluded that a number of Colombian police officers were responsible for what had happened, issued a decision involving a formal disciplinary action against those police officers. 3. On other aspects of the processing of this petition: a. That the facts which gave rise to this complaint are not by their nature amenable to friendly settlement procedures and the parties did not request this procedure as provided for in Article 48.1.f of the Convention and Article 45 of the Commission's Rules of Procedure. b. At present, the friendly settlement procedure of which Article 48.f of the American Convention and Article 45 of the Regulations of the Commission speak are not applicable, so that the Commission must comply with Article 50.1 of that Convention by issuing its opinion and conclusions on the matter put to it for consideration. c. In prosecuting the instant case, all the legal and statutory procedures set forth in the Convention and in the Commission's Regulations have been exhausted. 4. Other considerations: a. As this case has developed, it has been established, and the Government of Colombia has not denied, that members of the Colombian police participated in the seizure and subsequent disappearance of the persons listed as victims under paragraph 1 in the section titled "Background" in this report, all of whom were involved or suspected of being involved in the abduction of the Alvarez children. This was borne out by the findings of the reports prepared by the Colombian Government's competent organs. b. The kidnapping and murder of the children of Mr. Jader Alvarez is an atrocity, but the response of a State of law to the commission of a punishable crime must be decided by the courts and it is inadmissible to punish those who by law are called upon to investigate. c. In resolutions AG/RES. 666 (XIII-0/83) and AG/RES.742 (XIV-0/84) the General Assembly of the Organization of American States declared that "the forced disappearance of persons in the Americas is an affront to the conscience of the hemisphere and constitutes a crime against humanity." Based on these considerations, the Commission reached the following conclusion: That under the terms of Article 1.1 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Government of Colombia has violated articles 4 (right to life), 5 (right to humane treatment), 7 (right to personal liberty), and 25 (right to equal protection of the law) of that Convention, of which Colombia is a State Party, with respect to the abduction and subsequent disappearance of the following persons: Orlando Garcia Villamizar; Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano; Rodolfo Espitia Rodriguez; Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar; Gustavo Campos Guevara; Hernando Ospina Rincon; Rafael Guillermo Prado; Edilbrando Joya Gomez; Francisco Antonio Medina; Bernardo Heli Acosta Rojas, and Manuel Dario Acosta Rojas. Moreover, its position was that Colombia must pay compensation to the victims' next-of-kin, and recommended to that Government that, pursuant to the recommendations made by the Investigating Committees of the Attorney General of the Nation and the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights, it order that a thorough and impartial investigation of the facts denounced be reopened and that in view of the charges made by both those bodies and to avoid censurable acts that strike at the very foundation of the legal system, it order a review of the very grave but never disproven charges against the officers whose case was dismissed, taking into consideration the principle whereby res judicata does not exist when there has been serious judicial error. To request that the Government of Colombia guarantee the safety of the witnesses to the events, who have risked their lives to provide their invaluable and valiant cooperation in the efforts to ascertain the facts, and that it give them the protection they require. In furtherance of the provisions of Article 50 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Commission sent its report to the Government of Colombia. In a note dated July 2, 1991, the Government of Colombia argued for reconsideration of the Commission's decision, as follows:
The legal grounds for the request are as follows: 1. The petition should not have been admitted When the petition was brought before the Commission, the remedies of internal jurisdiction had not been exhausted, as the interested parties themselves concede in their petition. The Government of Colombia believes that the internal remedies have still not been exhausted. At the time the petition was submitted, the following actions and proceedings were in progress: 1. A disciplinary inquiry in the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation, in which the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights will render a decision on the merits. 2. An action with the regular court system which is making an investigation of certain individuals in connection with the events. The regular criminal proceeding is underway. The Government also feels it is important to point out that apart from the proceedings conducted by the military criminal courts, the interested parties can file an action with the administrative-adjudicatory jurisdiction charging the State with negligence; the purpose of that jurisdiction is to determine whether there is any culpability on the part of the State and to compensate the victims should fault or negligence be proven. 2. Neither military nor regular criminal proceedings can be reopened Under Colombia's system of criminal law, the Chief Executive cannot seek a reopening of a military criminal proceeding that ended in dismissal of the charges against the accused. This would violate the separation of powers and the principles of res judicata and non bis in idem, which are expressly upheld in Colombian law. Decisions taken by the Judicial Branch are respected by the Executive Branch, and Colombian law does not give the Chief Executive the authority to seek to have criminal investigations reopened. The Colombian legal system does have an extraordinary remedy that the interested parties or the Office of the Attorney General can file with the Supreme Court of Justice for a review of criminal proceedings. The law allows such reviews specifically in the case of verdicts involving punishment. In the instant case, this remedy does not apply since the decision was for dismissal. To be as clear as possible on this point, we shall cite the guidelines that the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation has in that regard: As for judicial error in a case of res judicata, the domestic legal system makes provision for the ordinary remedy of appeal and the extraordinary remedy of review. However, the latter applies only in cases of decisions involving punishment. Though these are viable remedies, if the interested parties believed there was some egregious judicial error, they could have made a case for disciplinary action against the civil servant who, in the opinion of the interested parties, made the decision either mistakenly or in bad faith. 3. Nature of the decisions of the Office of the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights The decisions of the Office of the Special Prosecutor for Human Rights are strictly administrative and concern administrative and procedural irregularities. No court of law has found the Police Agents criminally responsible, because there was no evidence to support the charges made against them. Therefore, the first statement in the report on Case 10,235 on the responsibility of the Colombian Government is legally unfounded, since it has never been proven that the Police Officers and Agents were responsible for the alleged disappearances denounced in the petition. 4. Assessment of the facts and evidence cited in report number 11/91 concerning case 10.235 The Government of Colombia would like to clarify the following in connection with the background information, facts and evidence presented in the report in question: Case of Orlando Garcia Villamizar and Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano The following statement appears on the first page of the Commission's report, in the fourth paragraph under section one: The investigation into this kidnapping was conducted by personnel of DIPEC under the command of the Commandant, then Colonel Nacin Yanine Diaz. They arrested a number of people they believed might have been implicated in the kidnapping and murder of the children. An important point here is that in Colombia all criminal investigations are conducted by and in the hands of the jurisdictional branch of the public power. Contrary to what the report indicates, under no circumstances was the investigation conducted independently by the former DIPEC. At the outset, it was in the hands of the Tenth Superior Court of the Bogota District, with assistance from the State Security Agencies. Though such agencies have Judiciary Police functions, they are always under the court's control. Furthermore, Colombia respectfully wishes to point out to the Honorable Commission that the statement that is made here is a clear prejudgment of a fact that neither had nor has been proven in the proceedings conducted by the Inter-American Commission: "They arrested a number of people they believed might have been implicated in the kidnapping and murder of the children." This statement is without legal foundation, as the examination of each case will show. In the paragraph that concerns the alleged arrest of the two young men, Pedro Pablo Silva and Orlando Garcia Villamizar, the following should be pointed out: If one studies the cases, one concludes that though there are several pieces of evidence, there is not one piece of direct evidence that proves with certainty that the alleged events happened and who the guilty parties are. To support this assertion, we cite the statements made by Mr. José García on March 16, 1982, for the office of the Special Prosecutor for the National Police. The reason for this testimony was the account of the events given by his daughter, Miss Nancy García Villamizar, who had not witnessed the alleged events directly but had heard the story from third persons. These third parties are not identified in the proceedings and the deponents do not know their names. In the statement given by Miss Nancy Garcia Villamizar, on April 20, 1982, for that same office, she said that some boys she did not know had told her that her brother had been detained. In her statement she said that the license plate on the panel truck, according to the unknown eyewitnesses, was JT 0876. Later, on April 29, 1982, Miss García Villamizar made additions to her original statement and said that the license plate on the vehicle into which her brother Orlando had allegedly been pushed, according to these unknown third parties, was not the number given earlier, but rather number HL 6794. This correction was made because in the days following her first statement, Miss García Villamizar had seen a green panel truck on the streets of Bogota, which she assumed was the same one since the description of the driver fit the one that they had given her. By the same token, Miss García said that the panel truck was going fast and she was unable to see whether or not it bore the marks of the accident that was said to have occurred on the day of the incident; however, she was able to see the driver extremely well, so well that in her statement she says that he was between 35 and 40 years of age, had an olive complexion and was heavyset; he had a mustache but did not wear glasses. As the Honorable Commission can easily see, the testimony given by Miss Garcia Villamizar is not the kind of evidence that can be counted as proof positive or even the slightest clue as to how and by what means the alleged events occurred. Even though the Inter-American Commission does not name the persons who allegedly witnessed the events in question, thereby denying the Colombian State its right to defend itself and refute the charges, we would like to examine the statement made by one of the individuals who, it would seem, witnessed the events. We are referring to Mr. Héctor Miguel Barbosa Rubio, who made his statement on May 3, 1982, in the Office of the Special Prosecutor for the National Police. Mr. Barbosa was the guard at the Dental Equipment Company, located at Calle 36 N° 22-38, in Bogota. He states that he saw someone being taken away as if he were under arrest. He did not see anyone running and believes that the persons who were taking the individual away could have been from the F-2 because they were carrying weapons in their hands. He does not remember the color of the vehicle into which the individual was put. He also contradicts Miss Nancy García Villamizar and says that he never gave her a description of the person who appeared to be arrested. He also says that he cannot say whether the individual was young or old. In the report in question, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights states that Mr. Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano was also detained, under the same circumstances as Mr. Orlando Garcia Villamizar. As proof it offers the statement of Mr. Héctor Barbosa Rubio, saying that he was one of the eyewitnesses to the alleged arrests. However, after examining the statement made by Mr. Barbosa, one concludes, beyond a shadow of a doubt, that the information he supplied did not refer to an arrest involving two people. In his own words he saw only one man being driven away. He did not identify him and was unable to see whether the individual in question was young or old; he concluded that they were F-2 agents simply because they were bearing arms. At the proceeding where Mr. Héctor Barbosa' statement was taken, the Court showed him various photographs so that he might identify Orlando Garcia Villamizar and Pedro Pablo Silva. However, he was unable to identify either one as being the individual he had seen climb into the vehicle cited in the statement. Mr. Barbosa commented that perhaps the events he had witnessed and the events under investigation were not the same. As the Honorable Commission can appreciate, this statement makes a weak argument and is not convincing enough to enable one to say with certainty what transpired and who the authors were. In the decree of August 5, 1983, in which the Judge of the Tenth Superior Court of Bogota ruled on the preliminary proceedings conducted to investigate the circumstances and the authorship of the kidnapping and murder of the Alvarez children, he was persuaded that the disappearance of Mr. Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano was due to the latter's eagerness to avoid the law, since it had already been proven in court that he was the holder of the lease on the house in Bogota where the Alvarez children were held captive. In the third paragraph on page 9 of the report, in connection with the case of Orlando Garcia Villamizar, a statement appears to the effect that among the evidence supplied are summaries of statements made by Raul Esmir Garcia Villamizar, brother of Orlando, Jose Garcia and Drigerio Morales Chacon; and the uncontestable conclusion drawn from their accounts is that Orlando Garcia was seen by a brother of the attorney Guillermo Neisa. First of all, the Government of Colombia would like to point out that to label these accounts as uncontestable, to use the language of the report, is to go against the principle of challenging the evidence, since the accounts in question are accepted as truth without first being examined. Furthermore, as the testimony shows, none of the individuals in question was able to explain why Mr. Orlando Garcia was there since none of them was present. This is nothing more than hearsay. The third statement is not true because the only contact that Mr. Orlando Garcia's relatives had was with Mr. Guillermo Neisa, who never saw a young man by the last name Garcia in the infirmary of the Military Institutes Brigade. This is confirmed by the statement he made on May 5, 1983, before the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota. The first paragraph on page 9 of the report states that a number of university students were also witness to the events and notified the family of Pedro Pablo Silva Bejarano. However, despite the numerous inquiries conducted during the investigations, the identities of the alleged eyewitnesses to the events are still unknown. As for the last part of that paragraph, where it states that the authorities prevented the family from identifying the body of a young man found on the outskirts of the city, this is patently untrue, as evident from the statement made by Mrs. Maria Elizabeth García Bejarano, sister of Mr. Pedro Pablo, in Bogota on March 24, 1983, in the office of the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court. Quite to the contrary, in her statement she makes reference to the authorities' willingness to cooperate. The Government of Colombia has the same observations here that it had in the previous case, i.e., that the alleged students who observed the events were never identified. In other words, the Commission is accepting as truth a version of events that the deponents themselves did not witness personally, but rather heard about elsewhere. Hearsay has no evidentiary value. Case of Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar On pages 9 and 10 of the IACHR report, the Commission attempts to draw some connection between the alleged disappearance of Mr. Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar and the fact that, apparently, little Camilo Andres was brought to the XV Police Station by Major Alipio Vanegas Torres. From the evidence and testimony compiled in the investigation conducted by the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota, the conclusion is that Major Alipio Vanegas Torres, DIPEC Chief of Counterintelligence at the time, did not bring the young Camilo Andrés to the XV Police Station, contrary to what the Commission' report states. The child was found alone, by a DIPEC patrol that was on duty at the time; because the patrol could not abandon its post, it asked its immediate superior, who in this case was Major Vanegas, for permission to take the child in. On page 10 of the report, the Honorable Commission states that the F-2 contradicted itself because it had originally said that Camilo Andrés had been found lost in the street, but later said that he had been picked up as the result of a telephone tip. The facts are somewhat confused in the Commission's statement on this point. The telephone call was, in fact, the one made by the patrol that found the child, to request permission to take the child to the Women's Police. The two versions given by the Commission do not appear in the records. Agent Gladys Marina Ramos García, a member of the patrol that discovered the child, took him personally to the Women's Police, as recorded in the statement she made on September 6, 1983, before the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota. Case of Rodolfo Espitia Rodriguez The IACHR's report on the alleged disappearance of Mr. Espitia does not contain any evidence to substantiate the statement it makes to the effect that his alleged disappearance and that of Mr. Edgar Helmut Garcia Villamizar occurred under identical circumstances. There were no eyewitnesses to the alleged events. Moreover, Mr. Espitia was not wanted by the law. He was not linked to any investigation; the inference is that his disappearance was due to motives other than those cited by the Commission. The testimony given by the parents of Mr. Espitia, Mr. Siervo Ignacio Espitia and Mrs. Bertilda Espitia, and by his brother, do nothing to shed light on these events. Mr. Siervo Espitia, in a statement made on February 22, 1982, before the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota, stated that he had merely assumed that his son had suffered the same fate as Edgar Helmut. Furthermore, from the version given by the minor Camilo Andrés, the conclusion is tha this uncle never met with Mr. Rodolfo Espitia. On page 11 of the IACHR report, the Commission states categorically that an alleged member of Army Intelligence by the name of Héctor Daza threatened Mr. Siervo Ignacio Espitia. In this regard, the only reference made to one Héctor Daza in the statements taken during the various investigations appears in the testimony given by Mr. Siervo Ignacio Espitia, received by the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota. There, Mr. Siervo Ignacio stated that he simply knew someone by the name of Hector Daza, who was connected to the neighborhood through the scouts. Mr. Siervo Ignacio also said that he assumed that the alleged Hector Daza belonged to a secret group attached to the Army. Colombia refuses to allow something that has not been substantiated by proof to be accepted as fact, as happens in the portion of the IACHR report that concerns Mr. Hector Daza. The only facts that can be taken as truth are those that have been proven in some type of legal proceeding. In the IACHR report, Mr. Siervo Ignacio Espitia's statement to the Prosecutor's Office on February 23, 1984, to the effect that he had been threatened by "Officer" Daza, is also accepted as fact. The only evidence to warrant the Commission's referring to the alleged Héctor Daza as an "Officer" is the statement made by Mr. Siervo Espitia who, as said before, said only that he assumed -though did not confirm- that the individual in question was in the Army. The Court in charge of the investigations explored every avenue in efforts to locate the alleged Héctor Daza, but to no avail, because the information supplied to that office as to the identity and whereabouts of the alleged person was inadequate. The report also states that Mr. Siervo Ignacio Espitia was threatened by "Officer" Hector Daza. On this point, after reading the statement made by Mr. Espitia, one concludes that he received a telephone call from an unidentified person who told him that he was going to sue him because of his statement. Nevertheless, Mr. Siervo Ignacio' own words were that he was not certain that the voice was that of the alleged Mr. Daza; he merely believed that it was his voice, though he could not swear to it. Lastly, on July 19, 1983, Mr. Orlando Espitia Rodríguez, brother of Rodolfo, stated before the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota that he was not told by one Héctor Daza that his brother had been seen in the DAS facilities at Cali. He learned of this because of the question put to him by the Court. He said that he knew his mother had received a telephone call; it was not from Rodolfo, but from other people who called to inquire about the disappearance of Rodolfo Espitia. As for that part of the report that states that in his statement before the Court, Mr. Antonio Sanchez denied the matter of the information supplied by Hector Daza to the effect that Rodolfo Espitia was in the DAS facilities in Cali, registered under another name, it should be pointed out that in a statement made on December 14, 1983, before the 36th Criminal Court of Bogota, Mr. Sánchez said that Mr. Hector Daza did not tell him that Rodolfo Espitia was being held in Cali. What Mr. Sanchez said was that of the many possibilities, Mr. Hector Daza speculated that he might be in detention in Bucaramanga, Cali or any other city, in some military institution or government facility. Finally, Mr. Antonio Sanchez said flatly that he had no idea what Mr. Hector Daza' business or profession might be. As is plain, this is mere speculation and has no value as evidence. Case of Gustavo Campos Guevara With regard to page 14 of the Commission' report, where it states that Mr. Gustavo Campos was being sought by the F-2, the Government of Colombia would like to make the following clarifications, based on the investigations conducted by the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation. As seen from the statements made by Siervo Campos Navarrete, Blanca María Guevara de Campos, Gladys Cecilia Campos de Vargas, Rosalba Campos Guevara, Luis Eduardo Campos Guevara, and Jorge Alberto Campos Guevara, Mr. Gustavo Campos Guevara was never the target of threats. Apparently what happened was that on two or three occasions, according to their testimony, Mr. Campos Guevara was on the same bus with a neighbor whom the Campos family assumed was a member of F-2; from what Gustavo Campos told them, he had the impression that the neighbor was watching him with a bad look on his face. As for the telephone call that Mrs. Gladys Cecilia Campos de Vargas says she received, the Honorable Commission can see that the information provided in that statement was not sufficient for the authorities to identify the alleged B-2 agent. It was impossible to make an identification based on that information. Compounding this was the fact that the call was not repeated. As for the third paragraph on page 14 of the IACHR report, concerning the account that Mrs. Gladys Cecilia Campos de Vargas gave the authorities of the conversation that she apparently had with a former B-2 agent, it is important to point up the following, in order to show the Commission the inconsistences in the statements made by the alleged witnesses in this case and how little information they contain: In a statement made before the Office of the Special Prosecutor for the National Police on October 19, 1982, Mrs. Gladys Cecilia Campos de Vargas stated that following her brother's disappearance, two individuals claiming to be from B-2 came to her home. She did not know their names nor did she see their identification. Moreover, the alleged former B-2 agents never returned. However, in a statement made before the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court on March 4, 1983, Mrs. Gladys Cecilia Campos de Vargas stated that there was only one agent, not two. She also said that she saw him once or twice. She did not know either his name or his address. She said the alleged B-2 agent never returned. As these statements show, Mrs. Gladys Cecilia was convinced that the individuals or individual -because her versions on this point contradict each other- was a former B-2 agent simply because the persons or person said so. The investigations conducted and still in progress have been unable to confirm Mrs. Gladys Campos' account, since the information was too sketchy. As for the report that appeared in the newspaper El Caleño concerning the case of Mr. Campos and the alleged F-2 investigations that linked him to the kidnapping of Mrs. Gloria Lara, with all due respect the Government of Colombia wishes to remind the Commission that in Colombia we enjoy freedom of the press. Hence, there are numerous publications in circulation in the country that print sensationalist stories that are utterly unconfirmed. Therefore, the Colombian State believes that the Honorable Commission should be careful about relying on such publications and not take their news as fact. It is obvious that there was no investigation to which Mr. Gustavo Campos Guevara was linked that might explain his disappearance. Nor is there any serious evidence that agents of the State took part in his alleged disappearance. Moreover, the reasons for his alleged disappearance are unknown. Finally, in the context of the criminal and internal proceedings, no relationship or nexus has been found between the kidnapping and murder of the Alvarez children and the case of Mr. Gustavo Campos Guevara. His case should not, therefore, be part of the collective proceedings being conducted by the IACHR. Case of Hernando Ospina Rincon From the statements made by Mr. Antonio Tavera and Mr. Giovanni Rodriguez, who do bodywork on automobiles and were eyewitnesses to the events, the individuals who came to Mr. Hernando Ospina's body shop said they were with F-2, but did not show any identification papers. When Mr. Hernando Ospina Rincon was taken from his shop to Avenida 68, his employees tried to help him and asked why he was being detained, whereupon they were threatened by the two subjects, who told them they were with F-2. The IACHR report gives full credence to the statement made by the two men to the effect that they were F-2 agents, two men who were in fact criminals who took Mr. Ospina away by force. These individuals did not identify themselves by showing the documents to be used in procedures of this type. They merely said they were F-2 agents. Unfortunately, in the commission of many crimes, criminals resort to all manner of devious means calculated to deceive and overcome any resistance. To achieve their illicit ends, for example, they might claim to have some type of authority, as happened in the case of the Alvarez children, whose kidnappers, at the time the children were abducted, claimed to be F-2 agents but in fact were not. As for the wine-colored Mercedes Benz, license plate FC 9405, which the IACHR report says belongs to Mrs. María Lilia Rojas, mother of the kidnapped child Zuleika Alvarez, the Government of Colombia must inform the Commission that two detectives from the Security Administration Department (DAS), Alvaro Castro Velasquez and María Amparo Guevara, in compliance with an order issued by the Criminal Court, went to the Traffic Offices of Soacha, a suburb of Bogota, and there discovered that the plates in question belonged to a brown Mercedes Benz, not a wine-colored car like the one apparently used in certain alleged abductions. As for the fact that Mr. OSPINA was forced into a brown and yellow panel truck with the numbers 459 on it, no evidence was found to confirm this statement. The only related information is a reference found in the statement that Mr. Antonio Tavera, who does bodywork on cars, made before the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota. There he says that he was in a cafeteria when he heard that Mr. Hernando Ospina had been forced into a vehicle of that description. Mr. Tavera was unable to identify the person who make this comment. The detectives from the Security Administration Department who investigated Mr. Ospina's disappearance said the same: when they looked into the matter, they located the cafeteria in question and spoke with Mr. Tavera, who told them that the remark he had heard was made by someone he did not know, at the cafeteria located in front of Mr. Hernando Ospina's shop. The DAS detectives also found that the alleged brown and yellow panel truck, with the number 459 on it, did not belong to the F-2, contrary to what the IACHR report states. As for the statement made by Mr. José Santos Sosa, received by the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota on March 24, 1983, he said that he did not receive any phone call in reference to Mr. Hernando Ospina, contrary to the statement made on page 12 of the IACHR report. Finally, there is neither reason nor evidence to link the alleged disappearance of Mr. Ospina Rincon to the kidnapping and murder of the Alvarez children. For that reason, this case should not have been part of the collective proceeding being conducted by the IACHR. Case of Rafael Guillermo Prado Useche It is untrue that the mother and sister of Mr. Rafael Guillermo, Faustina Useche de Prado and Ana Cecilia Prado, were able to watch as Rafael Guillermo Prado was forced into a wine-colored Mercedes Benz, as stated on page 12 of the IACHR report. This is false, because Mrs. Ana Cecilia Prado, by her own account, given in the statement she made in the Ninth Ambulatory Criminal Court of Bogota, was in the town of El Guamo, in the Department of El Tolima, on the date of the alleged events. Likewise, Mrs. Faustina Useche de Prado also testified that she was in the town of El Chicoral, in that same department, on the day the events allegedly occurred. As the Honorable Commission can appreciate, neither Mrs. Faustina Useche nor her daughter Ana Cecilia could have witnessed the alleged events. Nor is there any evidence to verify how, when and where Mr. Prado Useche apparently was detained. The statement that Mr. Prado Useche had gone to Hernando Ospina's shop at the time he was allegedly captured is also false, since his car was in a shop located in the vicinity of the Polo Club, and not at Hernando Ospina's shop. Finally, the commission of inquiry from the Office of the Attorney General of the Nation never requested that those allegedly responsible be punished, contrary to what the Commission's report states. It could not have done so since the purpose of the commission was to make preliminary inquiries to determine whether there was sufficient material to launch investigations in the Offices of the competent Special Prosecutors. Another reason why it could not have recommended sanctions was that all the evidence compiled in the investigation was preliminary; in other words it was not disputed because there was no opportunity to refute it. The proceedings were conducted without a hearing and the parties against whom the allegations were made were not present. Therefore, formal inquiries had to be instituted by the competent Special Prosecutors, which is in effect what happened. Pursuant to the requests for an investigation -not for sanctions, as the IACHR report contends- filed by the special commission chaired by Dr. Federico Torres Donado, the Office of the Special Prosecutor for the Defense of Human Rights, on orders from the Attorney G |
